A Tiny Comma Trick for Thursday

Happy Thursday, everyone! Today, I'm bringing you a little trick that'll help you keep your commas straight. I'm not talking about the format; this is about where to put those little boogers in your sentences. So grab your pens and notebooks and let's get going!

Commas are a major problem for a lot of authors. Where the heck do they go? Why do they go there?

Here are three common comma issues and how to keep them straight.

A comma to separate two independent clauses joined by and, but, or, so, etc...

If the first part of the segment is a complete sentence, and the second part of the segment is a complete sentence, use a comma. An easy way to check:

Gail went to the store, and she bought everything she needed for dinner.

Separate it:

Gail went to the store. She bought everything she needed for dinner.

Correct.

Gail went to the store, and bought everything she needed for dinner.

Separate it:

Gail went to the store. Bought everything she needed for dinner.

Incorrect.

See how easy that was to check? Now you know.

A comma used to offset a clause.

If you can take the piece out of the sentence and everything still makes sense, surround it with comma love. Example:

I strolled down the boardwalk, my shoelaces slapping at the wood, until I got to the candy shop.

Take out what's inside the commas and see if it makes sense.

I strolled down the boardwalk until I got to the candy shop.

Correct.

I strolled down the boardwalk, to meet Adam, who'd invited me to dinner.

Take out the commas.

I strolled down the boardwalk who'd invited me to dinner.

Incorrect.

Last, but not least, commas for introductory or unneeded words.

If you can remove the word and the sentence still make sense, it gets commas. Last, First, then, too, okay, etc... Example:

Today, I'm bringing you a little trick that'll help you keep your commas straight.

Remove the introductory word.

I'm bringing you a little trick that'll help you keep your commas straight.

Correct.

I wanted to go to the store, too!

Remove the unneeded word.

I wanted to go to the store!

Correct.

I hope that helps.

Did you know these quick tips? Do you struggle with commas?

Well, that's all for today, folks! Until next time, WRITE ON!

Jo

Clauses, Introductory Phrases, and Commas

Happy Monday, good people of the blogosphere! Well, here we are! This is the start of a whole new week. Are you excited yet? I have some awesome things coming for you on the blog this week I just know you're gonna love. Tomorrow, another writing post like the one today. Wednesday, a book review for Reap by Casey L. Bond (you HAVE to check that one out). And Thursday, a post about N. L. Greene's new release Magic Unfolds (there may be a surprise review in that one, too, if I can get done reading it by then). Friday, I'll be bringing you some information about a book I have in the works. Sounds like a lot of fun coming your way, eh? Well, grab your pens and notebooks and let's get into clauses, introductory phrases, and commas!

Let's begin with the clause:
A clause is like a sentence within a sentence. It's something you can remove from the words around it and those words retain their meaning. A clause must be set off with a set (that's two) of commas. Example:

I went to the store, because we needed eggs and milk, and found myself wandering the aisles instead of shopping for what I went after.

Clause: because we needed eggs and milk
Sentence: I went to the store and found myself wandering the aisles instead of shopping for what I went after.

Now, we know it's a clause because we can remove it and the other words still make sense. Be sure you're checking this when you edit. If something can't be removed, you need to figure out if it's an introductory phrase rather than a clause. Comma appropriately.

Introductory Phrases are those that can be moved to the end of the sentence and still have it make sense. These are offset with a single comma, and they can come in handy when beginning too many sentences with the same word (like he, she, or I). Note: That last sentence I wrote didn't have an introductory phrase, it had two whole thoughts joined by a comma and the word and. Completely different things. Example:

To get a better view of the elephants, she walked up to the fence and stuck her face through the bars.

Introductory Phrase: To get a better view of the elephants.
Sentence: She walked up to the fence and stuck her face through the bars.

Why is it an introductory phrase and not two complete thoughts? Because one doesn't make sense without the other. How can you check? Split them up and rearrange them. Example:

She walked up to the fence and stuck her face through the bars to get a better view of the elephants.

Without the second part, we don't know why she walked up to the fence and stuck her face through the bars. These two segments also can't be separated because the introductory phrase isn't a complete sentence in and of itself; it needs the second half to make sense.

You cannot join two independent thoughts with a comma while leaving out the word and. That calls for a semicolon or a period and separation. Example:

I love to look at the elephants roaming around their enclosure, they're my favorite animals.

No, no, no. This must be written:

I love to look at the elephants roaming around their enclosure. They're my favorite animals.
OR
I love to look at the elephants roaming around their enclosure; they're my favorite animals.


Why? Because they're my favorite animals isn't a dependent clause; it's a whole thought/sentence.

Again, check it to be sure it can't be moved to the front and make sense like this:

They're my favorite animals I love to look at the elephants roaming around their enclosure.

You wouldn't stick a comma between those to join them this way. Right? Right. So, you can't do it the other way.

It's an easy thing to check if you're aware of how to check it.

If you want to know more about when to/not to use a comma, check out this post.

How about you? Were you aware of this little trick?

Well, that's all for today, folks! Until next time, WRITE ON!

Jo

Comma Part 3

Happy Tuesday, good people of the blogosphere! Today brings us to the third and last post of my series on commas. It falls into the bracket of punctuation posts I've been running here on the blog as well. This post will cover a few more uses of that tiny punctuation mark that gives us all so many headaches. To be honest, there are many more uses for the comma than I covered over these three posts. Know them all and, above all else, use good judgment when placing them. A comma can stilt the flow of your text if used too often. Grab those pens and notebooks and let's get going!

As always, I'll be using The Chicago Manual of Style 15th Edition as a guide. If you're an editor, I know you have a style guide lying around. This is mine.

If you missed the first two comma posts, check them out here:
Part 1
Part 2

Three more ways to use a comma:

When there are two or more adjectives preceding a noun. If you're describing something and need more than two adjectives that could be joined by "and" without disrupting the description, they get a comma between. Remember, a comma denotes a pause and also something left out. Examples:

She wore a big, blue, floppy hat to the beach.
He had swollen, hairy toes.
She went to the only traditional Catholic church in town.

Commas are also used to separate homonyms. If you have more than one instance of a word and a pause is needed between them because they mean different things, they get a comma. Examples:
They walked in, in groups of six.
If whatever it is, is a good thing, it's okay.

You should use commas when writing dates, names (personal with a place), and addresses. Unless the date is written in the day-month-year style. Examples:
We're leaving for Las Vegas July 26, 2013, and won't return until the end of August. **No commas if no year**
We're leaving for Las Vegan July 26 and won't return until the end of August.
I gasped when he told me his birthday was 18 May 1988. **Day-month-year**
Gina Sultack, of Wisconson, was late for her interview. **Unless the place is integral to the sentence**
Hebert of Lafayette.
She lived at 442 Lincoln Place, Slate, NC 01234.

I hope these three posts have helped you all in some small way. I'll be back tomorrow with more punctuation!

Well, that's all for today, folks! Until next time, WRITE ON!

Jo

Comma Part 2

Happy Monday, good people of the blogosphere! Today, we continue with our section on punctuation with Comma Part 2. If you missed part 1, check it out here: Comma Part 1. Without further ado, grab those pens and notebooks and let's get going!

We already went over using commas in a list (Oxford commas), introductory phrases and words, and with direct addresses. Part 2 will go over clauses. Dependent, independent, and relative. As with my other posts on punctuation, we'll be referencing The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th Edition.

Dependent Clauses:
If you mix up a sentence and put the end before the beginning, it needs a comma (like in the sentence I just gave you). If you were to put the beginning first, it would need no comma. Example: A sentence needs a comma if you mix it up and put the end before the beginning. *Note that the subject/pronoun had to be moved as well. The key here is: If one won't make sense without the other, it's a dependent clause.

When the dependent clause comes after the main idea, no comma is needed; as you can see in the example above.

Two conjunctions together get a comma, but not between conjunctions.

If you're having trouble deciding where to put a comma, or don't know if one should be used, speak the words aloud and see where you pause naturally.

Independent Clauses:
Now here's where it gets a little tricky. If you use a conjunction like and, but, or, so, yet, etc., the comma usually goes before the conjunction. If the two independent clauses are short and related, no comma is needed. Remember to use good judgment here. Examples: Hera ran away, and Zeus gave chase. Hera ran away and Zeus gave chase. Hera ran away. Zeus gave chase. There are three ways to write that sentence. When in doubt, split them out!

Relative Clauses:
There are two kinds of relative clauses: restrictive and nonrestrictive. One is essential to the meaning of the sentence and gets no commas. The other is fluff and gets commas. Anything you can remove from a sentence and not impact the idea is nonrestrictive. Examples: I prepared a report about the impact of waste on the environment that's due tomorrow. I prepared a waste impact report, involving the environment, that's due tomorrow.

As you can see from the examples above, there are a ton of different ways to construct a sentence. Good writers use many different styles to keep the flow and break up monotony.

Join me tomorrow for my last post on commas for this series. While there's a ton of information on this tiny piece of punctuation, I won't go into them all; just the most important ones!

Well, that's all for today, folks! Until next time, WRITE ON!

Jo

Comma Part 1

Happy Friday, good people of the blogosphere! I'm sure you're all looking forward to the weekend, like I am. Welcome to the first of three posts on the comma. This little piece of punctuation gets its own three posts because there's a ton of information and I don't want to overwhelm you. If you use a comma every time you join two independent clauses with the word "and" you're in for a treat. So, grab your pens and notebooks and let's get going!

I'm just gonna be frank with you here for a moment. If I'm reading a book and there's a comma every other line, I end up putting it down. A comma indicates a pause. My brain reads it as a pause and too many will have me banging my head on the desk before long. When you're writing, try to mix up your sentences a bit. Too many commas does not a good story make. As with all the posts on punctuation, we'll be following the rules outlined in The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th Edition.

Commas

The primary use of this little piece of punctuation is to indicate a small break. Overuse will kill your story and make it difficult to read. You need a comma when there's a list, a direct address, or an introductory phrase. These are the three uses we'll be focusing on today. More uses of the comma will come later.

There are two ways to punctuate a list with commas. I'll give examples:
She debated with me over whether I should buy the green, white, or blue striped hat.
He went to the store for eggs, milk and bread.

In the first example, we've separated the items in the list with commas and used a comma before the conjunction. This is recommended by CMS. In the second example, we've omitted the last comma. Either way is correct as long as the style is used consistently. You may omit commas if every item is joined by a conjunction or if the last item is joined by an ampersand.

When using a direct address, commas go on either side of the name. Examples:
She looked up from her notebook. "Hey, Mom, what's for dinner tonight?"
As the speaker approached the podium, he could be heard talking to the attractive blonde. "You said your name was Myra? I have to say, Myra, I look forward to getting to know you."

Introductory phrases and words get commas unless the phrase is an introductory adverbial or participial phrase immediately preceding the verb it modifies. Words like: Oh (unless spoken), Ah, Well, Okay, Yes, and No get commas.

Examples:
Introductory phrases -
After looking through the book, she dropped her head into her hands.
Peeking out from behind his mother's skirts was the boy we'd been searching for.
Introductory words -
Yes, we can go to the park today.
Okay, I'll see what I can do about that.
No, we won't be donating to your charity this year.

Keep in mind that it's perfectly okay to use two independent clauses with a conjunction and omit the comma. As long as the two clauses aren't particularly long, leaving the comma out is a good idea. It changes up your writing and keeps the reader engaged in the words on the page.

We'll go into more with another comma post Monday.

Well, that's all for today, folks! Until next time, WRITE ON!

Jo